Distributed Prefiguration in Action: Tensions between Future Projections and Projectification in Translocal Networks of Community-Led Initiatives

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v19n3p971-995

Keywords:

community-led initiatives, hyperprojectivity, prefigurative politics, projectification, translocal networks

Abstract

This paper explores distributed prefiguration within translocal networks of community-led initiatives. As a particular form of prefigurative politics, distributed prefiguration unfolds across interconnected local contexts. Despite their relevance to many social movements, the organisational processes that enable distributed production of alternative imaginaries remain underexplored. Addressing this gap, we present a comparative case study of three translocal networks of community-led initiatives, focusing on tensions between their future projections and the logic of projectification imposed by funding mechanisms, particularly European Union grants. We investigate two questions: How are distributed prefigurative initiatives’ future projections affected by organisational requirements of projectification? And, how do distributed prefigurative initiatives navigate tensions between future projections and projectification through their funding strategies? Our research draws on 28 semi-structured interviews and participant observation within three major European networks: the Transition Network, the Global Ecovillage Network – Europe, and RIPESS-Europe, the European hub of the Intercontinental Network for the Promotion of Social Solidarity Economy. We identify direct and indirect tensions emerging in these networks and strategies used to address them. Findings reveal a paradox: while projectification can constrain distributed prefigurative initiatives’ imaginative hyperprojectivity, it may simultaneously foster connections that enable new forms of projective imagination to emerge.

Author Biographies

Felipe Quintão, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL)

Ph.D. researcher in the EuroREGEN project at the Centro de Estudos Internacionais, Iscte – University Institute of Lisbon. His research interests include environmental governance, social movements and civil society organisations.

Roman Hausmann, Modul University Vienna

Assistant Professor at Modul University Vienna and a Guest Researcher at the Vienna University of Economics and Business. His research investigates the potential of community-led initiatives for sustainable local economies and social provisioning.

Ana Margarida Esteves, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL)

Ph.D. in Sociology from Brown University and is a researcher at Iscte – University Institute of Lisbon and PI of the EuroREGEN project. Her research focuses on how place-based responses to the “polycrisis” organise translocally to impact policymaking.

André Girardi, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL)

Ph.D. student in Political Science at Iscte – University Institute of Lisbon and a researcher in the EuroREGEN project. His research interests include ecovillages, grassroots movements and innovations, and local economies.

Maria Fernandes-Jesus, University of Sussex

Ph.D. from the University of Porto and is an assistant professor at the School of Psychology, University of Sussex. Her research explores how groups and communities organise to resist social injustices, tackle societal challenges and create just climate futures.

References

Andersson T. and Wickelgren M. (2009), “Who is colonizing whom? Intertwined identities in product development projects”, Ephemera: Theory and Politics in Organization, 9(2): 168-181.

Avelino F., Dumitru A., Cipolla C., Kunze I. and Wittmayer J.M. (2020), “Translocal empowerment in transformative social innovation networks”, European Planning Studies, 28(5): 955-977. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1578339

Bauwens M. and Kostakis V. (2014), “From the Communism of Capital to Capital for the Commons: Towards an Open Co-operativism”, TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 12(1): 356-361. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v12i1.561

Bauwens M., Kostakis V. and Pazaitis A. (2019), Peer to Peer: The Commons Manifesto, London: University of Westminster Press. https://doi.org/10.16997/book33

Bollier D. and Helfrich S. (2019), Free, Fair, and Alive: The Insurgent Power of the Commons, Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.

Bruehwiler N., Hausmann R., Kos L. and Roysen R. (2025), “Exploring the protection-versus-influence paradox in local grassroots niches”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 537: 147161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147161

Büttner S.M. and Leopold L.M. (2016), “A ‘new spirit’ of public policy? The project world of EU funding”, European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 3(1): 41-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2016.1183503

Chatterton P. and Pusey A. (2020), “Beyond capitalist enclosure, commodification and alienation: Postcapitalist praxis as commons, social production and useful doing”, Progress in Human Geography, 44(1): 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518821173

Chertkovskaya E., Hasselbalch J.A. and Stripple J. (2023), “Assembling a zero-waste world: From situated to distributed prefiguration”, Organization Studies, 45(2): 297-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231200726

Ciordia A. and Perego A. (2024), “Taking a Detour to Travel Farther Afield: Reconstructing Collaborative Collective Action Networks through Documentary Traces of Events”, Partecipazione e Conflitto, 17(3): 739-757. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v17i3p739

Creasap K. (2021), “‘Building future politics’: projectivity and prefigurative politics in a Swedish social center”, Social Movement Studies, 20(5): 567-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2020.1798752

D'Alisa G., Forno F. and Maurano S. (2015), “Grassroots (Economic) Activism in Times of Crisis: Mapping the Redundancy of Collective Actions”, Partecipazione e Conflitto, 8(2): 328-342. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v8i2p328

De Angelis M. (2017), Omnia Sunt Communia, London: Zed Books.

Dorland J. (2018), Transformative Social Innovation Theory: Spaces & Places for Social Change, Aalborg: Aalborg Universitetsforlag. https://doi.org/10.5278/vbn.phd.tech.00053

Durham S.N. (2024), “Black lives matter and imagined futures of racial dynamics in the US”, Social Movement Studies, 23(4): 537-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2023.2204425

Escobar A. (2022), “Foreword”, in L. Monticelli (ed.), The Future is Now: An Introduction to Prefigurative Politics, Bristol: Bristol University Press, pp. xxii-xxx.

Esteves A.M., Girardi A., Gameiro A. and Quintão F. (2026), “Forms of agency in strategies of relocalization by translocal networks of community-led initiatives in Europe”, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 39(3): 1367-1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2025.2599231

Feola G. (2025), “Beyond Refusal: Reconceptualizing Deconstruction in Prefigurative Social Spaces”, Sociologica, 19(3): 159-185. https://doi.org/10.60923/issn.1971-8853/19919

Feola G. and Nunes R. (2014), “Success and Failure of Grassroots Innovations for Addressing Climate Change: The Case of the Transition Movement”, Global Environmental Change, 24: 232-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.011

Fred M. and Godenhjelm S. (eds. 2023), Projectification of Organizations, Governance and Societies: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Implications, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30411-8

Fregolente M., Neto A.C.S., Ribeiro D.R.P., Salerno M.S., Nakano D.N. and Carvalho M.M. (2022), “From the wall of the industry to the soul of society: a review and multi-level analysis on projectification”, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 15(2): 241-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-05-2021-0123

Fressoli M., Arond E., Abrol D., Smith A., Ely A. and Dias R. (2014), “When grassroots innovation movements encounter mainstream institutions: implications for models of inclusive innovation”, Innovation and Development, 4(2): 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2014.921354

GEN (2019), About GEN, Retrieved March 25, 2019 (https://ecovillage.org/about/about-gen/).

Girardi A., Kos L., Roysen R., Esteves A.M. and Bruehwiler N. (2025), “Grassroots Innovations and Projectification: Diffusion Processes of the European Ecovillage Movement”, Environmental Policy and Governance, 35(5): 945-967. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.70013

Habersang A. (2022), “Utopia, future imaginations and prefigurative politics in the indigenous women’s movement in Argentina”, Social Movement Studies, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2022.2047639

Hargreaves T., Hielscher S., Seyfang G. and Smith A. (2013), “Grassroots innovations in community energy: The role of intermediaries in niche development”, Global Environmental Change, 23(5): 868-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.008

Haug C. (2013), “Organizing Spaces: Meeting Arenas as a Social Movement Infrastructure between Organization, Network, and Institution”, Organization Studies, 34(5-6): 705-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840613479232

Hausmann R. and Schwab A.-K. (2025), “Building a local structural basis for economic change? A case study on grassroots initiatives from a ‘social provisioning’ perspective”, Ecological Economics, 227: 108429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108429

Hausmann R., Stirling A. and Schwab A.-K. (2026), “Building (and breaking) ties: explaining local relationships in grassroots place-making”, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 59: 101101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2026.101101

Henfrey T., Feola G., Penha-Lopes G., Sekulova F. and Esteves A.M. (2022), “Rethinking the sustainable development goals: Learning with and from community-led initiatives”, Sustainable Development, 31(1): 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2384

Henfrey T. and Ford L. (2018), “Permacultures of Transformation: Steps to a Cultural Ecology of Environmental Action”, Journal of Political Ecology, 25(1): 104-119. https://doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22758

Hess C. and Ostrom E. (eds. 2011), Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hopkins R. (2015), 21 Stories of Transition: How a movement of communities is coming together to reimagine and rebuild our world, Transition Network (https://transitionnetwork.org/resources/21-stories-of-transition-pdf-to-download/).

Jackson H. (1998), “What is an Ecovillage?”, Gaia Trust Education Seminar, Thy.

Kohl-Arenas E. (2014), “Will the Revolution be Funded? Resource Mobilization and the California Farm Worker Movement”, Social Movement Studies, 13(4): 482-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2013.863727

Komporozos-Athanasiou A. and Bottici C. (2022), “Rethinking Prefiguration: Between Radical Imagination and Imaginal Politics”, in L. Monticelli (ed.), The Future is Now: An Introduction to Prefigurative Politics, Bristol: Bristol University Press, pp. 65-75.

Kostakis V., Niaros V. and Giotitsas C. (2015), “Production and governance in hackerspaces: A manifestation of Commons-based peer production in the physical realm?”, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(5): 555-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877913519310

Kotyk L. (2020), “Governing without Governed and Governors: An Attempt to Establish a Non-Hierarchical Organizational Repertoire”, Partecipazione e Conflitto, 13(3): 1308-1323. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1308

Kunze I. and Avelino F. (2015), Transformative Social Innovation Narrative of GEN, the Global Ecovillage Network, TRANSIT: EU SSH.2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no. 613169.

Laamanen M. (2022), “Organizing Prefiguration”, in L. Monticelli (ed.), The Future is Now: An Introduction to Prefigurative Politics, Bristol: Bristol University Press, pp. 191-203.

Laamanen M., Forno F. and Wahlen S. (2023), “Neo-materialist movement organisations and the matter of scale: scaling through institutions as prefigurative politics?”, Journal of Marketing Management, 39(9-10): 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2022.2045342

Lam D.P.M., Martín-López B., Wiek A., Bennett E.M., Frantzeskaki N. and Horcea-Milcu A.I., et al. (2020), “Scaling the Impact of Sustainability Initiatives: A Typology of Amplification Processes”, Urban Transformations, 2(1): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-020-00007-9

Levkoe C.Z. and Wilson A. (2019), “Policy engagement as prefiguration”, in P. Andrée, et al. (eds.), Civil Society and Social Movements in Food System Governance, London: Routledge, pp. 101-123. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429503597-6

Lindgren M., Packendorff J. and Sergi V. (2014), “Thrilled by the discourse, suffering through the experience: Emotions in project-based work”, Human Relations, 67(11): 1383-1412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713520022

Linebaugh P. (2008), The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Loorbach D., Wittmayer J., Avelino F., Wirth T. von and Frantzeskaki N. (2020), “Transformative innovation and translocal diffusion”, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 35: 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.01.009

Maeckelbergh M. (2011), “Doing is Believing: Prefiguration as Strategic Practice in the Alterglobalization Movement”, Social Movement Studies, 10(1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2011.545223

McFarlane C. (2009), “Translocal assemblages: Space, power and social movements”, Geoforum, 40(4): 561-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.05.003

Mische A. (2009), “Projects and Possibilities: Researching Futures in Action”, Sociological Forum, 24(3): 694-704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01127.x

Mische A. (2014), “Measuring futures in action: projective grammars in the Rio+20 debates”, Theory and Society, 43(3-4): 437-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-014-9226-3

Monticelli L. (ed. 2022), The Future is Now: An Introduction to Prefigurative Politics, Bristol: Bristol University Press.

Moore M.-L. and Milkoreit M. (2020), “Imagination and transformations to sustainable and just futures”, Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 8(1): 081. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.081

Nelson M. (2026), “Navigating the space between prefiguration and political engagement: a mixed-method study of subjective success in a grassroots movement”, Local Environment 2026: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2026.2677069

Ostrom E. (1990), Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pel B., Haxeltine A., Avelino F., Dumitru A., Kemp R. and Bauler T., et al. (2020), “Towards a Theory of Transformative Social Innovation: A Relational Framework and 12 Propositions”, Research Policy, 49(8): 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104080

Penha-Lopes G. and Henfrey T. (2019), Reshaping the Future: How Local Communities are Catalysing Social, Economic and Ecological Transformation in Europe. The First Status Report on Community-led Action on Sustainability and Climate Change, Brussels: ECOLISE.

Pfotenhauer S., Laurent B., Papageorgiou K. and Stilgoe J. (2022), “The politics of scaling”, Social Studies of Science, 52(1): 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127211048945

Raekstad P. and Gradin S.S. (2020), Prefigurative Politics: Building Tomorrow Today, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Raj G., Feola G. and Velicu I. (2026), “‘It's a Gender Issue’: Women Farmers in Community-Supported Agriculture”, Sociologia Ruralis, 66(2): e70028. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.70028

Rebelo D., Malafaia C. and Fernandes-Jesus M. (2025), “Prefigurative Politics and Cultures of Care in the Portuguese Youth Climate Strike Movement during School Occupations”, Partecipazione e Conflitto, 18(1): 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v18i1p45

Rodríguez-Giralt I., Marrero-Guillamón I. and Milstein D. (2018), “Reassembling activism, activating assemblages: an introduction”, Social Movement Studies, 17(3): 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2018.1459299

Roysen R., Bruehwiler N., Kos L., Boyer R. and Koehrsen J. (2024), “Rethinking the Diffusion of Grassroots Innovations: An Embedding Framework”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 200: 123156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123156

Saglietti C., Brabant C. and Holmén J. (2026), “Snails ahead! Metaphors of change and distributed prefiguration in the degrowth movement”, Futures, 175: 103726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2025.103726

Schiller-Merkens S. (2024), “Prefiguring an alternative economy: Understanding prefigurative organizing and its struggles”, Organization, 31(3): 458-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505084221124189

Schismenos A., Niaros V. and Lemos L. (2020), “Cosmolocalism: Understanding the Transitional Dynamics Towards Post-Capitalism”, TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 18(2): 670-684. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v18i2.1188

Seyfang G. and Longhurst N. (2016), “What influences the diffusion of grassroots innovations for sustainability? Investigating community currency niches”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 28(1): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2015.1063603

Seyfang G. and Smith A. (2007), “Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development: Towards a New Research and Policy Agenda”, Environmental Politics, 16(4): 584-603. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010701419121

Silva L. (2023), “A Utopian Approach to Social Transformation: The Role of Urban Social Movements' Fragmentation in Barcelona”, Partecipazione e Conflitto, 16(2): 355-378. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v16i2p355

Smith A., Fressoli M., Abrol D., Arond E. and Ely A. (2016a), Grassroots Innovation Movements, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315697888

Smith A., Fressoli M. and Thomas H. (2014), “Grassroots innovation movements: challenges and contributions”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 63: 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.025

Smith A., Hargreaves T., Hielscher S., Martiskainen M. and Seyfang G. (2016b), “Making the Most of Community Energies: Three Perspectives on Grassroots Innovation”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 48(2): 407-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15597908

Soler-i-Martí R., Fernández-Planells A. and Pérez-Altable L. (2024), “Bringing the future into the present: the notion of emergency in the youth climate movement”, Social Movement Studies, 23(4): 517-536. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2022.2123312

Spanier J., Guerrero Lara L. and Feola G. (2024), “A one-sided love affair? On the potential for a coalition between degrowth and community-supported agriculture in Germany”, Agriculture and Human Values, 41(1): 25-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-023-10462-2

Teivainen T. (2016), “Occupy representation and democratise prefiguration: Speaking for others in global justice movements”, Capital & Class, 40(1): 19-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816815627387

Timmermans S. and Tavory I. (2012), “Theory Construction in Qualitative Research”, Sociological Theory, 30(3): 167-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275112457914

Timmermans S. and Tavory I. (2022), Data Analysis in Qualitative Research: Theorizing with Abductive Analysis, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Tsing A.L. (2012), “On Nonscalability: The Living World Is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scale”, Common Knowledge, 18(3): 505-524. https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-1630424

Wittmayer J.M., Backhaus J., Avelino F., Pel B., Strasser T. and Kunze I., et al. (2019), “Narratives of change: How social innovation initiatives construct societal transformation”, Futures, 112: 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2019.06.005

Yates L. (2015), “Rethinking Prefiguration: Alternatives, Micropolitics and Goals in Social Movements”, Social Movement Studies, 14(1): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2013.870883

Yates L., Daniel A., Gerharz E. and Feldman S. (2024), “Introduction to the Special Issue: Foregrounding social movement futures: collective action, imagination, and methodology”, Social Movement Studies, 23(4): 429-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2024.2343683

Yin R.K. (2018), Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, 6th edn., Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Zaimakis Y. (2018), “Autonomy, Degrowth and Prefigurative Politics: Voices of Solidarity Economy Activists amid Economic Crisis in Greece”, Partecipazione e Conflitto, 11(1): 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v11i1p95

Downloads

Published

08-11-2026

How to Cite

Quintão, F., Hausmann, R., Esteves, A. M., Girardi, A., & Fernandes-Jesus, M. (2026). Distributed Prefiguration in Action: Tensions between Future Projections and Projectification in Translocal Networks of Community-Led Initiatives. PARTECIPAZIONE E CONFLITTO, 19(3), 971–995. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v19n3p971-995

Similar Articles

<< < 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.