Political Power Between Global Capital and Territorial Sovereignty: The “Flamingo Revolution” Protests in Albania

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v19n3p1035-1050

Keywords:

Albania, economic globalism, political power, territorial sovereignty

Abstract

The literature reveals a significant gap in understanding how political power is perceived and configured under conditions of real or imagined threats posed by globalization, particularly in semi-peripheral contexts where global capital penetrates territorial sovereignty. This article addresses that gap through the case of the "Flamingo Revolution", the protests triggered by the Albanian government's agreement granting the island of Sazan for elite tourism development. Building on a literature review that conceptualizes political power as liquid and elusive, the study employed non-participant observation of protest-related Instagram pages and online newspapers, analyzing the material inductively through qualitative content analysis. The findings show that protesters delegitimized political authority by opposing a personalized, mobile power, perceived as an intermediary of extraterritorial forces, to a normative conception of territorial stewardship in which nature and public land operate as a language of sovereignty. Confronting the political anomic opacity, they mobilized time and space - historical precedent and threatened territory - to reconfigure power as impersonal and predictable, while also drawing on transnational repertoires of meaning.

Author Biography

Ledjo Zeneli, Independent Researcher

MA in Sociology from Selçuk University. His research interests include political sociology, particularly political culture; migration, especially acculturation processes; and urbanization, centered on the dynamic relationship between physical spaces and socio-cultural life.

References

Bauman Z. (2000), Liquid Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bauman Z. (2003), Yasa Koyucular ile Yorumcular: Modernite, Postmodernite ve Entelektüeller Üzerine, K. Atakay (trans.), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.

Bauman Z. (2010), Küreselleşme: Toplumsal Sonuçları, A. Yılmaz (trans.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.

Bauman Z. (2011), Postmodern Etik, A. Türker (trans.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.

Bauman Z. (2015), Moderniteti dhe Holokausti, E. Sulstarova (trans.), Tiranë: Pika pa Sipërfaqe.

Bauman Z. (2017), Retrotopia, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bauman Z. (2020), Akışkan Korku, C. Atay (trans.), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.

Bauman Z., M. Haugaard (2008), “Liquid Modernity and Power: A Dialogue with Zygmunt Bauman”, Journal of Power, 1(2): 111-130, https://doi.org/10.1080/17540290802227536.

Beetham D. (1991), The Legitimation of Power, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education.

Durkheim E. (2013), İntihar: Bir Toplumbilim İncelemesi, Z.Z. İlkgelen (trans.), İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları.

Edman J., I.R.P. Cuypers, G. Ertug, and R.V. Aguilera (2024), “Nationalist Sentiments and the Multinational Enterprise: Insights from Organizational Sociology”, Journal of International Business Studies, 55: 825-839, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-024-00713-7.

Fangen K. (2020), “Gendered Images of Us and Them in Anti-Islamic Facebook Groups”, Politics, Religion and Ideology, 21(4): 451-468, https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2020.1851872.

Fatima S., R.S. Hassan, and R. Shahid (2019), “The Impact of Globalization on Quality of Life: An Empirical Investigation for Asian Countries”, Journal of Globalization Studies, 10(1): 97-110, https://doi.org/10.30884/jogs/2019.01.07.

Fischer J.A.V. (2012), Globalization and Political Trust, MPRA Paper No. 36327, Munich: Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Retrieved https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36327/.

Foucault M. (1995), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, A. Sheridan (trans.), New York: Vintage Books.

Fowler L. (2023), “Is Ambiguity Good or Bad for Democratic Governance?”, Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 6(2-3): 94-105, https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvad004.

Hanell F., P. Jonsson Severson (2022), “Netnography: Two Methodological Issues and the Consequences for Teaching and Practice”, in CEUR Workshop Proceedings: The 6th Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Conference (DHNB 2022), vol. 3232, Aachen: CEUR-WS.org.

Hartley E. (2015), “Conceptions of Reinhart Koselleck’s Historical Time in the Thinking of Michael Oakeshott”, History of European Ideas, 41(8): 1157-1175, https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2015.1051566.

Herz J.H. (1957), “Rise and Demise of the Territorial State”, World Politics, 9(4): 473-493, https://doi.org/10.2307/2009421.

Ip E.C. (2010), “Globalization and the Future of the Law of the Sovereign State”, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8(3): 636-655, https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moq033.

Jamison A.S., D. Tadmor, and W.J. Henisz (2025), “Indigenous Peoples’ Reactions to Foreign Direct Investment: A Social Movement Perspective”, Journal of International Business Studies, 56(6): 720-738, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00778-y.

Luhmann N. (1979), Trust and Power, T. Burns and G. Poggi (eds.), H. Davis, J. Raffan, and K. Rooney (trans.), Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Mayring P. (2000), “Qualitative Content Analysis”, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2): Art. 20, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002204.

Ogbinyi J.O. Jr., T. Alagh (2014), “Globalization and the Erosion of State Sovereignty: An Assessment of Nigeria”, Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Research and Development Perspectives, 3(2): 6-15.

Ohmae K. (1993), “The Rise of the Region State”, Foreign Affairs, 72(2): 78-87, https://doi.org/10.2307/20045526.

Sack R.D. (2017), “Human Territoriality: A Theory”, in Politics, London: Routledge, pp. 3-22.

Samimi P., H.S. Jenatabadi (2014), “Globalization and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Complementarities”, PLoS ONE, 9(4): e87824, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087824.

Schäfer A. (2022), “Cultural Backlash? How (Not) to Explain the Rise of Authoritarian Populism”, British Journal of Political Science, 52: 1977-1993, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000363.

Severs E., A. Mattelaer (2014), A Crisis of Democratic Legitimacy? It’s about Legitimation, Stupid!, European Policy Brief No. 21, Brussels: Egmont – Royal Institute for International Relations.

Ships D. (2024), “Work Sucks, I Know: Instagram as a Platform for Young People’s Labour Grievances”, Digital Geography and Society, 6: 100076, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2023.100076.

Spruyt H. (1994), “Institutional Selection in International Relations: State Anarchy as Order”, International Organization, 48(4): 527-557, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300028307.

Stel N. (2020), Hybrid Political Order and the Politics of Uncertainty: Refugee Governance in Lebanon, London: Routledge.

Strange S. (1995), “The Defective State”, Daedalus, 124(2): 55-74, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027297.

Tabash M.I., Y. Elsantil, A. Hamadi, and K. Drachal (2024), “Globalization and Income Inequality in Developing Economies: A Comprehensive Analysis”, Economies, 12(1): 23, https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12010023.

Tocar S. (2022), “Cultural Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Nationalist-Xenophobic Attitudes”, Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 8(2): 146-152, https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-2-146-152.

Uddin I., M. Azam Khan (2024), “Global Evidence on the Impact of Globalization, Governance, and Financial Development on Economic Growth”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(3): 14546-14577, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01656-4.

Volk C. (2022), “The Problem of Sovereignty in Globalized Times”, Law, Culture and the Humanities, 18(3): 716-738, https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872119828010.

Walter S. (2021), “The Backlash Against Globalization”, Annual Review of Political Science, 24: 421-442, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102405.

Weber M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, New York: Oxford University Press.

Zeneli L. (2026), Globalization, Politics, and Power: The Case of the Protests over Zvërnec Village and Sazan Island in Albania, Retrieved July 5, 2026 (https://www.balkandusunceokulu.com/globalization-politics-and-power-the-case-of-the-protests-over-zvernec-village-and-sazan-island-in-albania/)

Downloads

Published

08-11-2026

How to Cite

Zeneli, L. (2026). Political Power Between Global Capital and Territorial Sovereignty: The “Flamingo Revolution” Protests in Albania. PARTECIPAZIONE E CONFLITTO, 19(3), 1035–1050. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v19n3p1035-1050

Similar Articles

<< < 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.