Género, generación y estigma
Discursos (multi)mediáticos sobre el HIV
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1285/i22390359v75p29-44Parole chiave:
VIH, deixis, discurso periodístico, estigma, multimedia.Abstract
Abstract – The study analyses a corpus of multimedia journalistic discourses featuring people living with HIV in Spain, with the aim of exploring patterns in the use of deictic forms as markers of identity, agency and enunciative distance. The analysis is based on the theoretical frameworks of stigma (Goffman 1963; Link & Phelan 2001) and discursive positioning (Davies, Harré 1990) and pays special attention to gender and age variables. The results reveal significant differences in the use of deictic forms according to the group: older women tend to narrate their experience from a biographical ‘I’ and to use the identity-marking ‘you’ as a form of empathic generalisation with the normative role of woman and mother, as well as to achieve deictic distancing; older men articulate a ‘I’ that oscillates between the emotional and the testimonial, incorporating stigmatising social voices; young men, on the other hand, resort to ‘I’ as a form of critical self-affirmation and ‘we’ as a strategy of narrative politicisation. The analysis of the use of the third person shows how stigma is externalised through the evocation of medical, social or family voices, which function as agents of judgement or discrimination. These external voices, integrated into dynamics of discursive polyphony, allow us to observe how speakers negotiate, internalise or resist dominant representations of HIV status. Finally, the absence of testimonies from young women with HIV raises questions about the mechanisms of invisibility and self-exclusion in the public sphere.
Resumen – El estudio analiza un corpus de discursos periodísticos multimedia protagonizados por personas que viven con VIH en España, con el objetivo de explorar los patrones en el empleo de las formas deícticas como marcadores de identidad, agencia y distancia enunciativa. El análisis se apoya en los marcos teóricos del estigma (Goffman 1963; Link & Phelan 2001) y del posicionamiento discursivo (Davies, Harré 1990), y presta especial atención a las variables de género y edad. Los resultados revelan diferencias significativas en el uso de las formas deícticas según el grupo: las mujeres mayores tienden a narrar su experiencia desde un “yo” biográfico y a emplear el “tú” identitario como forma de generalización empática con el papel normativo de mujer y de madre, así como para llevar a cabo un distanciamiento deíctico; los hombres mayores articulan un “yo” que oscila entre lo emocional y lo testimonial, incorporando voces sociales estigmatizantes; los hombres jóvenes, en cambio, recurren al “yo” como forma de autoafirmación crítica y al “nosotros” como estrategia de politización narrativa. El análisis del uso de la tercera persona muestra cómo el estigma es externalizado mediante la evocación de voces médicas, sociales o familiares, que funcionan como agentes de juicio o discriminación. Estas voces ajenas, integradas en dinámicas de polifonía discursiva, permiten observar cómo los hablantes negocian, interiorizan o resisten las representaciones dominantes sobre la seropositividad. La ausencia de testimonios de mujeres jóvenes con VIH plantea, finalmente, interrogantes sobre los mecanismos de invisibilización y autoexclusión en el espacio público.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Bibliografía
Beuthin R., Bruce A., Sheilds L. 2014, Storylines of Aging With HIV: Shifts Towards Sense Making, in “Qualitative Health Research” 25[5], pp. 612-621.
Bühler K. 2011 [1934], Theory of Language: The Representational Function of Language, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Carricaburu D., Pierret J. 1995, From Biographical Disruption to Biographical Reinforcement: The Case of HIV-Positive Men, in “Sociology of Health & Illness” 17[1], pp. 65-88.
Charlesworth D. 2003, Transmitters, caregivers, and flowerpots: Rhetorical constructions of women's early identities in the AIDS pandemic, in “Women's Studies in Communication” 26[1], pp. 60-87.
Charteris-Black J., Seale C. 2010, Gender and the Language of Illness, Palgrave Macmillan. London.
Chong J., Kvasny L. 2007, A Disease That ‘Has a Woman’s Face’: The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality in HIV/AIDS Discourses, in “Intercultural Communication Studies” 16[3], pp. 53-65.
Davies B., Harré R. 1990, Positioning: The discursive productions of selves, in “Journal for Theory of Social Behavior” 20[1], pp. 43-63.
Ducrot O. 1984, Le Dire et le dit, Les Editions de Minuit, Paris.
Earnshaw V.A., Chaudoir, S.R. 2009, From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures, in “AIDS Behav” 13[6], pp. 1160-1177.
Eckert P., McConnell-Ginet S. 1992, Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as community-based practice, in “Annual Review of Anthropology” 21, pp- 461-490.
Emlet C., Brennan D., Brennenstuhl S., Rueda S., Hart T., Rourke S. (2015), The impact of HIV-related stigma on older and younger adults living with HIV disease: does age matter?, in “AIDS Care” 27[4], pp. 520-528.
Galasiński D. 2004, Men and the Language of Emotions, Palgrave, London and New York.
Gilmore N., Somerville M. 1994, Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: Overcoming “them” and “us”, in “Social Science & Medicine” 39[9], pp. 1339–1358.
Goffman E. 1963 Stigma. Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Harré R., van Langenhove L. 1991, Varieties of Positioning, in “Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour” 21[4], pp. 393-407.
Harré R., van Langenhove L. 1999, Positioning Theory: Moral Contexts of Intentional Action, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Higgings C., Norton B. (eds.) 2010, Language and HIV/AIDS, Multilingual Matters, Bristol/Buffalo/Toronto.
Hydén L. 1997, Illness and narrative, in “Sociology of Health & Illness”,19[1], pp. 48–69.
Jaworska S., Ryan K. 2018, Gender and the language of pain in chronic and terminal illness: A corpus-based discourse analysis of patients’ narratives, in “Social Science & Medicine”, 215, pp. 107-114.
Jungbluth K., Da Milano F. (eds.) 2015, Manual of Deixis in Romance Languages, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.
Kayı-Aydar H. 2019, Positioning Theory in Applied Linguistics, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Kowalewski M.R. 1988, Double stigma and boundary maintenance: How Gay Men Deal with AIDS, in “Journal of Contemporary Ethnography” 17[2], pp. 211-228.
Link B.G., Phelan J.C. 2001, Conceptualizing stigma, in “Annual Review of Sociology” 27, pp. 363-385.
Malcolm A., Aggleton P., Bronfman M., Galvão J., Mane P., Verrall J. 1998, HIV-related stigmatization and discrimination: its forms and contexts, in “Critical Public Health” 8[4], pp. 347–370.
Ministerio de Sanidad 2024, Vigilancia Epidemiológica del VIH y sida en España 2023: Sistema de Información sobre Nuevos Diagnósticos de VIH y Registro Nacional de Casos de Sida, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ División de control de VIH, ITS, Hepatitis virales y tuberculosis, Ministerio de Sanidad, Madrid. https://www.sanidad.gob.es/ciudadanos/enfLesiones/enfTransmisibles/sida/vigilancia/docs/Informe_VIH_SIDA_2023_Nov_2024_def.pdf (14/07/2025)
Nyblade L.C. 2006, Measuring HIV stigma: Existing knowledge and gaps, in “Psychology, Health & Medicine” 11[3], pp. 335-345.
Parker R., Aggleton P. 2003, HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action, in “Social Science & Medicine”,57[1], pp. 13-24.
Scambler G. 2008, Stigma and disease: changing paradigms, in The Lancer 352, pp. 1054-1055.
Scofield D., Moseholm E. 2020, HIV-related stigma and health-related quality of life in women living with HIV in developed countries: a systematic review, in “AIDS care” 34[1], pp.7-15.
Sontag S. 1989, AIDS and its Metaphors, Penguin Books, New York.
Treichler P. 1999, How to have theory in an epidemic, Duke University Press, Durham.
UNAIDS 2024, Fact sheet 2024. Global HIV statistics https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/mediaasset/UNAIDSFactSheeten.pdf (14/07/2025)
Downloads
Pubblicato
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Authors who publish with this publication accept all the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license at the link below.
Gli autori che pubblicano in questa rivista accettano i termini e le condizioni specificate nella licenza Creative Commons di cui al link sottostante.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/it/legalcode
