Mapping the SES Spectrum for Sustainable Health in Sarawak: Constructing and Testing an SES Experience Index

Abstract

Social gradient refers to the consistent relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, where lower SES is associated with poorer health outcomes. This gradient spans the entire socioeconomic spectrum, affecting individuals at every level, not just the richest and poorest. Recognizing the importance of social gradient is crucial for addressing inequality and promoting policies aimed at improving the overall well-being of a nation’s population, this study investigates whether individuals with different socioeconomic statuses experience varying health-related aspects in Sarawak through the developed SES Experience Index to capture the social gradient of the individuals. Data were collected from 290 respondents from Sarawak. Indeed, the findings revealed significant disparities between high and low SES groups across all measured dimensions. High SES individuals exhibited better mental health and higher levels of health literacy compared to their low SES counterparts. Furthermore, low SES individuals engaged in riskier health behaviours and faced greater barriers to accessing healthcare services. These results highlight the pervasive impact of socioeconomic factors on health outcomes in Sarawak. The significant differences observed between SES groups underscore the urgent need for targeted public health strategies to address these inequities. The results pinpoint the need of  prioritizing the initiatives that enhance health literacy, reduce risky behaviours, and improve access to healthcare for low SES populations. By understanding these disparities is vital for developing effective interventions and policies to improve public health, it helps to move the state to be more ready towards sustainable development through promoting more equitable health outcomes and overall well-being.